Shakta Upanishads
Shakta Upanishads are a group of minor Upanishads of Hinduism related to the Shaktism theology of a Goddess (Devi) as the Supreme Being. There are 8 Shakta Upanishads in the Muktika anthology of 108 Upanishads. They, along with other minor Upanishads, are generally classified separate from the thirteen major Principal Upanishads considered to be from the ancient Vedic tradition.
The Shakta Upanishads also contrast from other groups of minor Upanishads, such as the Samanya Upanishads which are of a generic nature, the Sannyasa Upanishads which focus on the Hindu renunciation and monastic practice, the Yoga Upanishads related to Yoga, the Shaiva Upanishads which highlight aspects of Shaivism, and the Vaishnava Upanishads which highlight Vaishnavism.
Composed in medieval India, the Shakta Upanishads are among the most recent minor Upanishads, and constitute an important source of information on Devi worship and Tantra-related theology. Some Shakta Upanishads exist in more than one version.
The Shakta Upanishads are notable for declaring and revering the feminine as the Supreme, the primal cause and the metaphysical concepts in Hinduism called Brahman and Atman) (soul). The philosophical premises in many Shakta Upanishads, states June McDaniel, is syncretism of Samkhya and Advaita Vedanta schools of Hindu philosophy, called Shaktadavaitavada (literally, the path of monistic Shakti).
Date
The composition dates and authors of the Shakta Upanishads are unknown. Patrick Olivelle states that sectarian Upanishads attached to Atharvaveda were likely composed in the second millennium, until about the 16th century. The Shakta Upanishads, states Denise Cush, were composed between the 12th- and 15th-century CE.
List of 8 Shakta Upanishads
| Title | Muktikā Serial Number | Attached Veda | Period of creation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sita Upanishad | 45 | Atharva Veda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
| Tripuratapini Upanishad | 80 | Atharva Veda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
| Devi Upanishad | 81 | Atharva Veda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
| Tripura Upanishad | 82 | Rigveda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
| Bhavana Upanishad | 84 | Atharva Veda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
| Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad | 105 | Rigveda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
| Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad | 106 | Krishna Yajurveda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
| Bahvricha Upanishad | 107 | Rigveda | At least 10,000 Years Before |
See also
- Hindu texts
- Puranas